Biography of Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton

According to the modern calendar, Sir Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1843. (1843-1828) was an English mathematician, physicist, and scientist. Considered one of the most influential scientists of all time, new laws of mechanical, gravitational, and motion laws were developed. His work Principia Mathematica (18) laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century.

A great polymath, Newton's investigations also included fields related to optics, religion, and chemistry. He was born in Ulsthorpe Manor, Lincolnshire. The Manor area is located between Ulsthorpe-by-Colstworth. Even when Newton was born, the use of the most modern contemporary Papal calendar did not begin in England. So his date of birth was registered as Christmas Day 1842. He was born three months after the death of his father Isaac.

His father was a common farmer in the village. Newton was very small at birth. His mother, Hannah Escoff, often said that the Newton of his childhood could be easily inserted into a quart mug. Her mother remarried when she was three years old and moved in with her new husband, Reverend Bernabeus Smith. Newton was not with his mother at the time.

Granny Margaret spends her days caring for Escoff. Nitton could not like his honest father. He was also angry with his mother for marrying him. Knitton published a list of his sins until he was 19 years old. Evidence of his resentment towards his mother can be found from that list. The list read: "Intimidate my parents by saying I will burn down their house."

Sir Isaac Newton was born on Christmas Day, 1843, into a relatively poor peasant family. His father died three months before his birth. His mother later remarried, and Newton completed his primary education at a small school next door. At age 12, he was sent to Grantham's grammar school. There he lived in the home of a drug dealer and seller. Newton was unrivaled in this school from which his talents are known. At first, no one wore it, but at one point another boy was able to compete with her. From the very beginning of school life, Newton's greatest inclination was towards making various kinds of instruments.

At that age, he made windmills, water clocks, kites, and sun-dials. Also, important construction was a four-wheeled vehicle that the rider could pull himself. Newton's stepfather died in 1858. Then his mother came back to Ullsthorpe and picked him up from school. The purpose was to teach the farm work at home and make arrangements for the future. But he soon realizes that Newton has no inclination to work on the farm. Newton's uncle was the rector of Burton Caglis. Following his uncle's advice, his family sent him to study at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Newton at Cambridge - Newton at Cambridge

Newton in 1802. Illustration by Godfrey Neller.

At Cambridge, he became interested in mathematics, science, and physics. Conventional education at the time was based on Aristotle, but Isaac Renee was more interested in modern mathematicians such as Descartes. Isaac Newton had an amazing ability to consider mathematical problems and then concentrate on them until the mystery was solved.

His one-sided nature sometimes sets him apart from the world. For example, she had very little time for women. At first, the teenage romance did nothing and he was unmarried all his life.

Sir Isaac Newton has been hailed as one of the greatest talents in history. His mathematical and scientific achievements testify to such an attitude. Among his many achievements in science are:

Calculus develops a theory. Unfortunately, at the same time as Newton, calculus was developed by Leibniz. When Leibniz announced his results, the two had a heated argument over Newton's claim to theft. This bitter dispute lasted until Leibniz's death in 1813 and spread to British mathematicians and continents.

Mathematical achievements of Newton

Generalized binomial theorem
Newton’s identities,
Newton’s method,
Classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two variables),
Substantial contributions to the theory of finite differences,
Use of fractional indices
Used geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine equations.
Used power series with confidence and to revert power series.
Discovered a new formula for pi.

Newton's mathematical receipt

Generalized binomial theorem
Newton's identity,
Newton's method,
Classified cubic plane curve (three-degree polygon between two variables),
Significant contributions to the theory of finite differences,
Use fraction indicators
Geometry is used to find solutions to Diophantine equations.
The power series has been used with confidence and to bring back the power series.
Has discovered a new formula for pie.

Scientific Achievements of Newton

Optics – Newton made great advancements in the study of optics. In particular, he developed the spectrum by splitting white light through a prism.
Telescope – Made significant improvements to the development of the telescope. However, when his ideas were criticized by Hooke, Newton withdrew from the public debate. He developed an antagonistic and hostile attitude to Hooke, throughout his life.
Mechanics and Gravitation. In his famous book Principia Mathematica. (1687) Newton explained the three laws of motion that laid the framework for modern physics. This involved explaining planetary movements.

Newton's scientific achievements

Optics - Newton made great strides in the study of optics. In particular, he developed the spectrum by dividing white light through a prism.
Binoculars - Significantly improve the development of telescopes. However, when his ideas were criticized by Hooke, Newton withdrew from public debate. He developed a hostile and hostile attitude towards Hooke throughout his life.
Mechanics and gravity. In his famous book Principia Mathematica. (17) Newton explained the three laws of motion that laid the framework for modern physics. This involves explaining the motions of the planets.

Newton at Trinity College

Statue of Newton at Trinity College, Cambridge

He passed matriculation in 181 from Newton Trinity College. While studying in college, he worked as a servant in different places of the college to cover the cost of his studies. There is no documentation from Trinity College that he did anything big as a student. However, it is known that he mainly studied mathematics and physics. At Trinity College, he first studied Kepler's theory of optics.

He then turned his attention to Euclid's geometry. Because he could not understand some of the diagrams mentioned in a book of astrology bought from the fair. To understand these, Euclid needed to know geometry. Even so, Newton did not understand anything of the book. Angered by this, he removed it as a trivial book. But later his teacher told him to read the book again. The book was written on Descartes' geometric research and work.

During his undergraduate studies, Newton arranged all his books in a small bookshelf or similar place. From that shelf were found several articles written by Newton at that time. Topics covered include angular splits, classification of curves, some mathematical calculations about the unique melody of music, geometric problems of Vita and Van Scuten, some comments on Wallis's book Arithmetic of Infinity, the result of friction of spherical light glass and lens defects. The formula to do.

On the eve of his bachelor's degree in 175, Newton proved his famous two-dimensional theorem and at the same time provided the first theory of the discovery of the method of fluxion. These days at Trinity College were very important to him. But in 175 the plague epidemic took shape in Cambridge and London. As a result, the college was declared closed indefinitely. Newton returned to their farm home in Lincolnshire.

Newton hit on the head with an Apple

The most popular anecdote about Sir Isaac Newton is how the theory of gravitation came to him after hitting a falling apple on the head. In fact, Newton and his friends probably exaggerated this story. Even so, owning one is still beyond the reach of the average person.

Research work in Lincolnshire

Newton did not stop when Ullsthorpe returned. There he continued his experiments on chemistry and optics, as well as his mathematical research projects. Newton marked the beginning of his diary of discovering the theory of gravitation in the year 18, the year he had to leave Trinity College. He says:

"When I began to think about the vast gravity in the moon's orbit, I compared the force required to hold the moon in its own orbit and the force of gravity on the surface of the earth, and I was able to identify the value of these two balls as almost equal."

At the same time, he completed one of his basic experiments in optics. Through this experiment, he was able to discover the structural parts of white light. Newton himself commented on his early work on optics:

"I did all this in just two years, between 175 and 18 years, because I was at a more significant stage than at any other time in my life, at a time when innovation and mindfulness mathematics and philosophy were developing."

Newton's Religious Beliefs - Newton's Religious Beliefs

In addition to being a scientist, Newton spent more time exploring religious subjects. He reads the Bible every day and believes it is the Word of God. Yet, he is not satisfied with the Christian interpretation of the Bible. For example, he rejected the philosophy of the Holy Trinity; His faith was closer to the Christian faith in Aryanism (basically the difference between Jesus Christ and God).

Newton - Bible Code / Newton - Bible Code

Newton was fascinated by the first church and the last chapter of Bible revelation. He spent a lot of time in the Bible, trying to find the secret Bible Code. He was rumored to be a Rosicrucian. The religious beliefs that Newton had at that time could be a serious embarrassment.

Because of this, he kept his gaze secret, almost obsessed. This desire for privacy seemed to be part of his nature. His papers were opened shortly after his death. The bishops who first opened Newton's box found them too appealing to be made public, so they were kept closed for many more years.

Newton and Alchemy

Newton also had an interest in chemistry. He experimented with many objects using lots of Mercury. Very high levels of mercury in her bloodstream may contribute to her early death and irregularities in later life.

Newton was made a member of the Royal Society in 1803. In 1818 he was given charge of the Mint of Mint. He took the task seriously and was unofficially responsible for moving England from the Silver Standard to the Gold Standard.

Newton was an extraordinary polymath; The universe only fascinated him. He wanted to discover the hidden and external mysteries of life. With his keen intellect and ability to concentrate, he was able to contribute to the unprecedented development of various fields of science. He was a unique person. Twentieth-century genius John Maynard Keynes says of Newton:

"I do not think that anyone who has pored over the contents of that box which he packed up when he finally left Cambridge in 1696 and which, though partly dispersed, have come down to us, can see him like that. Newton was not the first of the age of reason. He was the last of the magicians, the last of the Babylonians and Sumerians, the last great mind which looked out on the visible and intellectual world with the same eyes as those who began to build our intellectual inheritance rather less than 10,000 years ago. Isaac Newton, a posthumous child born with no father on Christmas Day, 1642, was the last wonderchild to whom the Magi could do sincere and appropriate homage. "

Optical science research

Trinity College reopened in 18. The college elected Newton a Fellow, and two years later, shortly before his 26th birthday, he was appointed Lucasian professor of mathematics. Prior to that, his friend and teacher, Dr. Barrow, held this position at Trinity College. To be a Fellow of Cambridge and Oxford Universities at the time, one had to be an established Anglican missionary. Lucasian professors were again forbidden to have contact with the church, as it could harm scientific research.

When Newton Lucasian became a professor, he wanted to get rid of this condition. The then King Charles II accepted his demand and appointed him as a professor. This put an end to Newton's feud with the Anglicans over religious thought. Meanwhile, in 17 AD, Newton made a reflection telescope. In December 181, Newton II built another telescope and presented it to the Royal Society. Two months later, as a Fellow of the Royal Society, he publicized his discoveries about light and thereby initiated a debate about light. This debate continued for many years.

The debate was attended by Robert Hooke, Lucas, Linus Pauling and many more. Newton, of course, always disliked such debates. He blamed his own pragmatism for creating such a controversy in favor of such an important theory of light. Most of his research papers on optics were published by the Royal Society between 182 and 184. These research papers were compiled in his book Optics in 1804.

Revealing Principia Mathematica

Pictures from the book Principia Mathematica

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Pictures from the book Principia Mathematica

Before 184 Newton did not feel the urge to publish his research on gravity. Of these, Hooke, Edmund Haley, and Sir Christopher Ren discovered a few theories or facts about gravity, although none of them were able to provide a definitive theory of planetary orbits. That year Edmund Haley, a scientist, talked to Newton about it and was surprised to find that Newton had solved it so far. Newton proposed to Haley four theorems and seven problems which have been identified as the main part of his research work.

Between 175 and 18 he wrote the most famous book, Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which lasted for about seventeen or eighteen months. This book has three parts. Newton wanted to shorten the third part. But Haley encouraged him to write the third part in detail. The Royal Society expressed its inability to publish the book.

This time too Heli came forward. He bore all the expenses for the publication of the book and as a result this book was published in the year 18 which is unforgettable in the history of physics and mathematics. After its release, it was able to garner a huge response across Europe. Following this, Christian Higgins, the most famous scientist of the time, went to England in 179 to meet Newton in person.

Research on government jobs and theology

Newton University became more active in its work while working on the principles mentioned in the Principia text. At this time King James II decided to reject the omnipotent authority and oath of allegiance to the university. Newton was elected a Member of Parliament from Cambridge for protesting and disputing his decision. When he returned to the university after completing his political career, he became seriously ill. Due to this illness, he was unable to perform almost all his duties in 1892-1693.

This caused great anxiety among his colleagues and friends. After recovering from the disease, he left the university and started working for the government. With the help of his friends Locke, Ren, and Lord Halifax, he was first appointed Warden of the Mint in the Government of England in 1895, and later Master of the Mint. He held the position of Master of the Mint until his death.

On the other hand, Newton was interested in studying theology from the very beginning of his life. He began studying religious prophecy as early as 1890. At that time he gave a detailed account of this in a letter to Locke. This letter was entitled An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of the Scriptures. This letter is written about two passages of the Trinity. He also wrote a manuscript before his death. Observations on the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse. He also wrote some critiques, commentaries, and commentaries on the Bible.

Last life

Newton's tomb at Westminster Abbey

In the last 30 years of his life, Newton has made very few fundamental contributions to mathematical principles. But there was no lack of enthusiasm and skill in this regard. In 1896 he solved a mathematical problem overnight. This problem was proposed by Bernoulli in a competition and the time allotted for solving it was 6 months. Again in 1818, he solved a problem in just a few hours.

The scientist Leibniz described the problem as thrilling and difficult for English experts. At that time he was quite worried about two things. One is that some of his astronomical discoveries did not correspond to the observations of astronomer Royal. There was a debate about this. The other is the controversy with Leibniz over the discovery of calculus. He revised the Principia text and published a new edition in 1813.

Newton's scientific research brought him great respect. He was a popular visitor to the courts of England. In 1805 he was knighted. Various honors came to him from all over the continent. He had contacts with all the leading scientists of that time. So many scientists and science students would come to see him that he would get bored. Despite receiving so much respect, Newton once showed humility. Shortly before his death, he said:

"I don't know how I was presented to the world, but I think of myself as a little boy playing in the ocean valley and looking for a little pebble or a smaller and more ordinary rock, while the ocean of truth lies before him which remains undiscovered. . ”

After 1625, Newton's health deteriorated. As a result, a deputy arranged for his job to be waived. He last served as President of the Royal Society in February 1826. He was the president of this society from 1803. He died on March 20, 1828 at the age of 85. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, London.